Iron is of great importance in human nutrition. The adult human body contains between 3-4 g of iron, of which 60-70 percent is present in the blood (Hb iron) as circulating iron, and the rest (1 to 1.5 g) as storage iron. Each gram of hemoglobin contains about 3.34 mg of iron.
There are two forms of iron, haem-iron and non-haem iron. Haem iron is better absorbed than non-haem iron. Foods rich in haem-iron are liver, meat, poultry and fish. They are not only sources of readily available iron but they also promote the absorption of non-haem iron in plant foods eaten at the same time.
Iron is mostly absorbed from duodenum and upper small intestine in the ferrous state, according to body needs.
The rate of iron absorption is increased by many factors like iron reserves of the individual, the presence of inhibitors (e.g. phosphates) and promoters (e.g. ascorbic acid) of iron absorption and disorders of duodenum and jejunum.
Iron absorption is greater when there is an increased demand for iron, as for example during pregnancy.
The absorbed iron is transported as plasma ferritin and stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow and kidney. When red cells are broken down, the liberated iron is reutilized in the formation of new red cells.
The total daily iron loss of an adult is probably 1 mg and about 2 mg in menstruating women. Major routes of iron loss are:
- Through hemorrhages, that is wherever blood is lost, iron is lost, the causes of which may be physiological (e.g. menstruation, childbirth) or pathological (e.g. hookworms, malaria, hemorrhoids, peptic ulcer)
- Basal losses, such as excretion through urine, sweat and bile and desquamated surface cells.
- The recent widespread use of IUDs in the family planning programme is an additional cause of iron loss.
- Hormonal contraceptives on the other hand decrease menstrual blood loss by about 50 percent.
Iron is mostly absorbed from duodenum and upper small intestine in the ferrous state, according to body needs.
The rate of iron absorption is increased by many factors like iron reserves of the individual, the presence of inhibitors (e.g. phosphates) and promoters (e.g. ascorbic acid) of iron absorption and disorders of duodenum and jejunum.
Iron absorption is greater when there is an increased demand for iron, as for example during pregnancy.
The absorbed iron is transported as plasma ferritin and stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow and kidney. When red cells are broken down, the liberated iron is reutilized in the formation of new red cells.
Most of the iron is found in the red blood cells, where it forms part of that very complex protein known as hemoglobin. This is the red substance that gives color to the blood. It carries the oxygen to the tissues and keeps us alive.
Everyone knows that iron rusts when it is exposed to the air. Rusting is even more rapid when the air is damp. This chemical reaction is known as oxidation. A molecule of iron attaches itself to a molecule of oxygen from the air, forming iron oxide. This is exactly what happens when the red blood cells pass through the lungs. The air within the lungs is warm and damp, and the iron in the red cells actually rusts as it passes through the lung. All this happens with split second timing. From there the cells are carried by the blood stream to the heart, and then pumped to all the distant parts of the body, always carrying their load of oxygen.
Thus we see that iron is very important to the well being of all parts of the body. Most of the iron from the worn out cells is not discarded, but is separated from the hemoglobin in the liver and spleen and used over and over again. However a certain amount of iron may be lost from the body for various reasons such as bleeding hemorrhoids, injuries, menstruation, hookworm infestation or stomach ulcers.
Sometimes the level of the iron in the body may be lowered, owing to chronic blood loss or more probably to a poor diet. Iron may not be properly absorbed because the stomach is not producing sufficient hydrochloric acid. Sometimes this occurs during pregnancy.
Iron deficiency causes secondary anemia. The hemoglobin content of the red cells is diminished. The size and volume of the red cells are below average. There is normoblastic hyperplasia in the red bone marrow. Iron deficiency anemia occurs in children and adults due to severe blood loss.
Deficiency symptoms of iron
The patient usually complains of weakness, easy fatigue, and irritability. Other symptoms include heartburn, flatulence, vague abdominal pains, soreness in the mouth, numbness and tingling in the extremities, and palpitation of the heart. The skin and mucous membranes are pale, the nails are often brittle, and there are fissures or sores at the corners of the mouth.
Three stages of iron deficiency have been described:
- First stage is characterized by decreased storage of iron without any other detectable abnormalities.
- An intermediate stage of latent iron deficiency that is iron stores are exhausted, but anemia has not occurred as yet. Its recognition depends upon measurement of serum ferritin levels. This stage is the most prevalent stage in India.
- The third stage is that of overt iron deficiency when there is a decrease in the concentration of circulating hemoglobin due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis.
The end result of iron deficiency is nutritional anemia, which is not a disease. It is rather a syndrome caused by malnutrition. Besides anemia there may be other functional disturbances such as impaired cell mediated immunity, reduced resistance to infection, increased morbidity and mortality and diminished work performance.
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But yeah...i would actually like to have a vegetarian substitute for the "iron sources" above in the article. i would also like to give blood more...but can't because of the constant deficiency. It sucks.
I have iron deficiency as well, so have most of your symptoms. Iron is the stuff that carries oxygen through your blood. If you don't have enough iron, you don't have enough oxygen, which means your muscles will fatigue earlier (as they need oxygen to work) and your memory won't work, as your brain does not get enough oxygen. Same with the heart - not enough O2 to work will make everything painful and exhausting. So get in there and pop those supplements!
You can still have good red blood cell production (ie you are NOT anemic) and STILL BE IRON DEFICIENT.
Ferritin is the best way to tell.
Eat more red meat, high iron foods, and possibly take iron supplements. However, get the ferritin level measured first...
Popping supplments is one option.
Quitting being a vegetarian and eating red meat is another.
So if you are low, take your pills to restore your depleated stores, and then eat better. Hit the cereal and bread isles - look for the food with the highest iron and eat it.
Good luck and hang in there.
ps: for those with diminished memory, think about it - you're starving your brain of oxygen - what happens to a person drowning? They stop thinking clearly.
good appetite, sleep OK - but feel weak, tired after a few
minutes of physical activity and DEPRESSED
anyone else get anxiety??
I've been going to the doctor repeatedly trying to figure out what the eff is wrong with my body. I was diagnosed with anemia while pregnant with my son in 2002, but only kept up with my supplements for about a year after he was born. For the last four years I have had fatigue, memory loss, bruising, brittle nails, ingrown toenails, very dark circles under my eyes (real dark circles, the kind that look like I've been punched in the face every morning), pain throughout my entire body, tingling in my arms and legs.. and over the last year I have encountered hair loss (including my damn eyelashes), sores on the corners of my mouth, heart palpitations (scary), dizzy spells, trouble sleeping even when exhausted (I have never in my life had such a hard time falling asleep, it is a stupid problem to have), extreme irritability, and further increased fatigue. I started taking iron supplements again a few weeks ago because I started bruising quite a bit, and it took away the sores on my mouth in almost 2 weeks. I didn't realize until reading this that the low iron caused them, I never knew where they came from... but they sure went away with the supplements! After that happening twice this year (and staying for months at a time), I do not want to see them come back!
I am not happy about my doctor, after almost ten visits this year, she has never taken my past diagnosis of anemia into consideration, even after I have brought it up. How is that possible even after bloodwork? Is she just not testing for it even after I have told her about all of my symptoms? I think it's time to get a new physician.
Such a simple yet important ingredient in our nutrition, I am angry with myself for not keeping up with my supplements. I've been in pain and frustration for years, and it really has made me feel aged (I'm only 25, but my body feels more like 65). My New Year's Resolution is going to take control of my nutrition - and to get a new doctor.
Thank you for sharing your experiences!
If anyone else feels like this, i know how you feel and it SUCKS!
Im happy I found something about other people who have the same thing as I do, and post stuff about how they feel it makes me feel normal to know im not the only one suffering with all this B.s.
I am 5 weeks pregnancy...I have had the tingling legs and arms...feet extremely cold. I woke up this morning with blue lips and a cold sore... I haven't had a cold sore in a few years...
I thought I had gestational diabetes...just by these symptoms...I have had anemia in previous pregnancies...but not like this. I am on iron therapy now...but how do you fight the constipation symptoms?
Good Luck
Is there anything else I can do where I won't be in pain? I'm so tired of feeling this way-- I'm trying really hard to be successful, and whatever is wrong with me is holding me back... I can't be that one girl from high school that never made it. I have to make something of myself, but how am I supposed do that when I can barely move from pain? This probably sounds like a venting, and to a point-- it is. I apologize for that, but I just feel so helpless.
Hope this helps :)
I have been taking Fe-tinic Forte 150 mg pills for years with no problems but this last perscription refill I have found I get bad indigestion everytime I take a pill, Is anyone else had this happen?
Thanks, Kath
What a frigging relief to find this board and realize that most of my problems are iron-related, and all of my ill-health symptoms are iron-related! Total exhaustion (falling asleep at work every day in spite of sleeping 10+ hours per nite), always cold (frigging always!), tingling and numbness in hand and feet, PICA chewing on ice (cost me 8 crowns and four root canals), heart palpitations, worsening asthma, severe leg and foot cramps....there were days I wanted a body transplant! Been on my iron supplements for five days now. Am already noticing an improvement. Jeez, there were days I thought I had to have some major disease because of how lousy I felt. I am so relieved to know it is due to iron deficiency. Was feeling lousy, got me a new primary care physician, he ordered up a blood test. Severe anemia (the wording on the paperwork from the lab said "Panic result call dr. immediately." Dang. He wanted to put me in the hospital that day (Monday) for a transfusion. Not this kid. I swore up and down I'd take my iron and eat lots of steaks and spinach. As I said, I am already feeling better...still getting a little tired here and there...and am really looking forward to the 3-6 month mark that it takes for the iron to do it's complete job. Hurray, I am so glad I'm not alone in this!!!
Went to 2 hospitals and the doctors thought it was retinal detachment. Turned out it wasn't. I saw several eye doctors but they could not find anything wrong with my eyes. I had about 60 different blood work done including CT scan MRI and Lumbar Puncture but the results were all negative, (I told them I was anemic and was back on iron supplement just 4 days ago again. So that time, my hemoglobin went back up almost normal.) I saw a neurologist and he decided my blindness was idiopathic. I was given steriods for 2 weeks to cure my blindness. It did help a lot cause now I can see with my left eye but it left a foggy/blurry circular area around the centre of my point of view.
It has been over 3 months now and I still have this blurry vision.
Why can't the doctors say that my blindness was caused by lack of iron? They have no diagnosis! If they could not find anything else wrong but knew that I was anemic, should not that be enough to have caused my blindness?
Does anyone now how I can treat this? It's incredibly painful....
please email me at: maria-chilangz@hotmail.com if you have any information on how I can get rid of these stomach pains and constipation.
Thankyou
I've been having symptoms for years, including being cold all the time, numbness in my feet, confusion, fatigue, irritability, heartburn, and headaches. I also have very dry, scaly feet. Is that one of the symptoms?
It's great to read everyone's comments. It makes me feel like I'm not alone in what I'm experiencing.
ive been waiting for blood test results from my doctor who wont answer my calls and is always not in the office.
Please note that if you are from Northern European heritage, you have a higher possibility of Celiac disease, which will not allow you to absorb nutrients sufficiently. I have decided to try gluten free eating, and take double iron supplements. It is helping.
Also, about the headaches, low iron causes the arteries and veins to swell, because of lack of oxygen. that means your intercranial blood pressure rises, and can cause stroke.
This is a very serious deficiency. Please take your iron.
Ever hear of candidiasis? Look up candida and chronic fatigue. It's not a parasite or a worm, it's a yeast infection. The fact that you felt better while on atkins is a strong sign that it could be candida. Many people believe that toxins released by the candida yeast cause the symptoms of candidiasis, but I've always had a suspicion that it was the lack of intestinal flora that really caused the problems. Yeast and bacteria fight for space in your intestines, (among other areas) and an overabundance of yeast means a deficiency of helpful bacteria. Gut flora play several very important roles in the absorption and even sysnthesis of several nutrients. A lack of healthy intestinal flora could cause malabsorption of nutrients and lowered immunity. But since being on the atkins diet would also mean that you weren't eating any wheat products, it could also be celiac disease. Celiac disease wreaks havok on your GI tract and causes you to malabsorb nutrients.
Evelyn,
Try taking an iron supplement that contains ferrous fumarate or ferrous gluconate. These forms of iron are less likely to cause constipation. Another reason that you are probably experiencing constipation is because you were perscriped an extremely high dose of iron. Do not take stool softeners/laxatives! You wil become dependent! The best time of day to take iron is in evening. If you take an iron supplement with food, it will absorb less, but you will also have less stomach difficulty. My advice would be to take it with dinner. Once your iron levels are closer to normal, you could probably switch from your prescribed iron to a gentler form. Solgar makes a product called "Gentle Iron" that won't constipate you or upset your stomach. There is also a product by Floradix called "Iron and Herbs" that is very gentle. It doesn't have a lot of iron, (10 mg) but the amount it does have is very absorbable and it also contains B-6, B-12 and folic acid. Because it is very safe, I would recommend this product to anyone that thinks they may be anemic but doesn't have a diagnosis.
To all the vegetarians, you don't HAVE to start eating meat again to get enough iron. Yes, iron from meat is more bioavailable that iron from plants. Yes, animal flesh contains a peptide that boost iron absorption. But it is definitely not impossible or even that difficult to get sufficient iron from plants. However, you must either take iron supplements or be committed to paying attention to how much iron you are getting. There are many diet analysis websites online (mypyramidtracker is one) that you could use to track your iron intake. Eat lots of cooked spinach, blackstrap molasses (it's very important that it's blackstrap and not regular molasses), kidney beans, pinto beans, prunes and dates. Almonds, whole grains and fortified cereals also have good amounts of iron. Cacao (unprocessed chocolate) surprisingly has a good amount of iron, but the high fiber content inhibits the absorption somewhat. You can buy raw cacao nibs at most health food stores, and the brand Dagoba makes all of their chocolate from cacao (a bar that's 75% cacao has something like 50% of your DV of iron). Things that inhibit iron absorption include fiber, calcium, phytates (from legumes and whole grains), and tannins (from coffee, tea and wine). Being a vegetarian, there's not much you can do about these inhibiting factors except drink beverages containing tannins and high calcium foods at different meals than your high-iron foods (i.e., don't have a glass of milk with with your blackstrap molasses). Vitamin C boosts iron absorption from plant foods, so a glass of orange juice or a meal containing tomatoes would help you absorb more iron.